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Energy saving.The effectiveness of the use of energy resources.

Energy saving today is one of the priority areas of politics and companies that focus on dynamic development, both in terms of reducing the costs of their own production of the main products, and in accordance with the general orientation of government programs aimed at reducing loads in production capacities.Energy conservation is one of the most important tasks for any company that will face companies now, during the economic crisis.The technological and economic characteristics of the centralized heat supply of consumers are directly related to the issue: thermal energy.However, this is not the only factor that affects the details.The effective conservation of energy can significantly reduce the cost of production and, as a result, increase its competitiveness in the markets.

Energy savings

There are a lot of various methods to increase the rational use of existing energy resources and capacities.And as soon as possible the company begins to introduce energy savings technologies, the faster the positive effect of these events will feel, which will be expressed in specific financial indicators."On the conservation of energy and the increase in energy efficiency and in amendments to certain legislative acts."The law raises the tasks of implementation of measures aimed at reducing energy costs, namely:

  • As of January 1, 2010, a budget institution is obliged to guarantee a decrease in the comparable conditions of the volume of water consumed by it, natural gas, fuel, diesel and other fuel, thermal energy, electrical energy for five years in at least fifteen percent of the volume it had really consumed in 2009, each of the resources indicated with a weekly decrease in such volume at least three percent;
  • Until January 1, 2011, the owners of buildings, structures, structures and other objects are required, during the operation of which energy resources are used, to complete the equipment of these objects by measuring the devices of measurement of the used water, natural gas, thermal energy, electrical energy, and the implementation of the measurement devices installed in the operation;
  • Until May 15, 2010, organizations with the participation of the State, including state and municipal institutions, must accept energy conservation programs and increase energy efficiency;
  • Organizations with the participation of the State, including state and municipal institutions, are obliged to organize and perform the first energy exam until December 31, 2012, subsequent energy surveys, at least once every five years.

Energy saving as a way of providing the growing need for energy and energy resources is 2 to 5 times more profitable than the construction of new capacities for the production of thermal and electrical energy for the same purposes.For our population, the high growth rate of internal energy prices and energy raw materials to support and develop the fuel and energy complex is unacceptable, since labor productivity and payment level are several times lower than in the most developed countries.Price growth rates should not exceed the growth rate of labor productivity.Otherwise, inflation will grow in the country to the extent that the cost of energy carriers increases.The erupted global economic crisis, which captured the world almost without a trace, gave special importance to the increase in energy efficiency, since each ruble invested in the production of highly effective equipment creates 8 times more jobs than the ruble invested in energy production.The concept of an efficient increase in energy in the country's economy must consist of 4 parts:

  • energy conservation programs;
  • Stabilization of energy prices (for which trust and interdependence between manufacturers, consumers and energy resources transitors) must be guaranteed;
  • increase the role of atomic and non -traditional renewable energy;
  • Development of new energy technologies.

In recent years, there have been radical changes in our country, which require a change in approaches and psychology, making fundamentally new decisions.The most important of them include: a) a cardinal change in the legal field;b) continuous liberalization in the electricity industry and the gas industry;c) implementation of national projects;d) the appearance of a global systemic deficiency of energy capacities and the capacity of the network economy;e) Hydrocarbons restrictions.

The effectiveness of the use of energy resources

Large modern companies are interested in reducing the cost of products to attract customers.And to reduce the cost, the entire production chain must be reorganized, the effectiveness of the use of energy resources is verified.This is very important, since several energy resources are used in production.It can be electricity, heat and other resources.For more effective use, there are different methods.First, it is necessary to solve a psychological problem, which is a serious obstacle to the economy of electricity, that is, workers have no interest in the economic use of resources.Another problem is the lack of preparation of business managers to reorganize the entire production process for the effective use of energy resources.Therefore, the process of reducing energy costs is achieved in different ways:

  • reorganization of the company and all the production;
  • Reconstruction in the phase of the production process;
  • determine the potential for energy conservation;
  • Implementation of programs for the effective use of energy resources;
  • Periodic technological study of companies.

In large companies with their energy conservation specialists, energy audit programs are compiled alone with the participation of experts from regional energy conservation centers.In small and medium enterprises, energy audit programs are developed by specialists from regional or republican energy conservation centers.These programs should have several stages:

Evaluation of the energy conservation potential.At this stage, a detailed energy consumption examination of all large energy consumers, workshops and the entire company is carried out for at least 5 years before the year examined.The data is processed on a computer and models of mathematical energy consumption are built.The latter are necessary to take into account the dependence on energy consumption, temperature, quality of raw materials, etc.After processing the survey results, databases are created, including the following information:

  • Consumption of basic energy resources (fuel, electricity, heat and water), both absolute and specific, assigned to the unit of the main types of products;
  • Consumption of basic energy resources for attitudes, workshops and similar companies of this industry abroad (it helps establish a situation with energy consumption in the analyzed company: good, medium, bad, very bad);
  • the potential for the conservation of energy, expressed in natural calculation (KW · H, GJ, T) and Monetary;
  • The main ways to reduce energy expenses in similar national and foreign companies (methods to achieve, costs, recovery periods, etc.).

Often, a control exam allows identifying reserves for immediate energy savings (for example, inadequate operation of electric lighting, low equipment load, large thermal and electrical losses, etc.).In most cases, the control survey data are necessary to develop an energy saving strategy.Accounting organization for energy consumption.Studies show that the correct organization of energy consumption accounting can save 5 ... 10 % of energy resources without additional measures.The best result is achieved by organizing an energy center in the company, which contains a central computer with appropriate software, a transmission data network on energy consumption and primary devices (meters and sensors).

Depending on the company's scale and energy consumption values, these elements of the energy center must be selected.Therefore, for large companies (metallurgical, chemical, cars), it is economically advisable to create complex and expensive energy centers.A relatively cheap computer with simple software is suitable for small businesses.Therefore, the organization of control over the consumption of energy resources is the first and most important step towards its rational management management:

  • the identification of the workshops and sections that come the energy resources within the company;
  • a detailed audit of accounts issued by the company with organizations that supply energy;
  • Identify the operational modes of more strongly effective equipment and maintain these ways during as long as possible;
  • A strict quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness of several energy savings measures in natural terms (GJ, KWNC, etc.) and monetary.

Development and implementation of measures to reduce TED consumption. Despite the differences in the structures of the plants and industrial methods of their operation, the potential capacities of energy conservation are similar in them.They can be grouped into the following categories:

  • Operation and maintenance strategy;
  • strategy for modernization of technological equipment and processes;
  • The strategy to replace the existing equipment with a new, less intensive energy, and the introduction of new technologies.

For example, the current energy consumption of the company is accepted for the initial state before the implementation of the energy conservation program.Then, according to the analysis of the existing capabilities, the control figures are established to reduce energy consumption at the end of each stage of the energy conservation program.An important aspect of the implementation of the program is the problem of motivating companies to implement it.Information about the energy conservation program must be in an accessible way brought to all the artists who participate in it.All program executors should know that they will receive a real reward in the implementation of their stages.When developing energy saving measures in PP, it should be remembered that there are the following savings areas:

  • saving Ter by improving energy supply;
  • TED savings improving energy use.

These measures are developed by energy engineers.The main ones are:

The correct choice of energy carriers.Each process requires an energy bearer that provides the greatest energy and economic effect.For example, for furnaces and heating plants, the direct use of fuel and electrical heating must be compared;For the blacksmithing and pressing the electricity of the equipment, compressed air and steam (if available in the company).The type of energy is chosen by comparing options and comprehensively analyzing the following factors:

  • Technology requirements (change in products quality, consumption of raw materials, etc.);
  • economic differences in the design and operating conditions of the equipment;
  • comparative energy costs;
  • the availability of the necessary equipment;
  • the period of time required to replace the equipment;
  • The economic effect of seeing, the cost of environmental measures.

The costs of the options under consideration are determined by the expression z = emergency + + IP+ EUDPZUD.E - σΔZYo,

Where KP is capital costs for this technological installation without taking into account the installation costs of see;IP - Operational costs without the energy component;EUD: specific consumption of energy resources;P - Annual Product Production;ZUD: previous specific energy costs;Yo - The effect of seeing.For current companies, an evaluation of the options compared for current energy rates is allowed if the costs of the events are covered from the Enterprise fund.

  1. Reducing the number of energy transformations.Since each energy transformation is associated with losses, the less consistent transformations suffer from energy, the greater the general efficiency.It is economically, for example, it is advisable to replace compressed air with electricity everywhere where possible according to technological conditions.
  2. Development of rational energy savings schemes.The plant's energy conservation scheme is a complex complex in which individual energy carriers are interdependent and often interchangeable.The development of an integral energy supply scheme, linked to technology and taking into account the technologically necessary parameters of all energy carriers, will reveal savings reserves and show the sequence of its implementation.
  3. Automation of energy supply units.This includes measures such as the automation of heating units, boiler units, substations and the introduction of television and automatic control of the energy parameters of various engines and assemblies.
  4. Improvement of the quality of energy resources.Any change in energy resources parameters (pressure, temperature, humidity, sulfur, ashes, electricity quality, etc.) leads to a deterioration in the quality of products and an extraordination of energy resources.

Thermal energy losses are classified as technology;commercial;emergency.This indicator is calculated in the company for a heating season, taking into account production costs and climatic conditions last year.The percentage of losses depends on the nature of the networks, temperature graphics, pressure, atmospheric temperature.